农机监理行政执法讲座

写在前面的话（代序.中英双语)

依法治国，涉及的领域非常广泛。就农业和农村工作而言，依法治机是依法治农、依法兴农强农，建设现代化农业的重要组成部分。依法治机，首先要求农机化及各职能机构——农机管理、监理、推广、质监等承担农机化公共行政管理职能和农业社会公益性职能的工作人员和行政执法人员要依法行政；第二，要有健全的专门法律、法规、规章和规范性文件；第三，要坚持不懈地向广大农机从业人员普及法律、法规知识。就农机监理来说，就是要不断地向广大农机经营、使用从业人员普及农机安全法律、法规知识，使其做到依法行事，守法经营，安全发展。

农机监理是依法治机的主力军。农机监理是承担国家专门权限公共行政管理职能——农机安全监督管理职能的国家准公共行政机关，其职能履行手段是行政执法；其运行机制是通过执行国家和地方关于农机安全的法律、法规、规章，来实现农机安全发展，促进农业现代化。因此，农机监理是农业领域的安全生产监督管理机构，承担农机安全监督管理专门职责，是农业行政执法的重要组成部分。其工作对象是从事农机化生产经营者，由于种种原因，这种监督管理工作是经常的大量的和复杂的，需要我们艰苦卓绝地为之努力奋斗，不断提高，以达目标。

正是基于这一时代之要求，这些年农机监理行政立法、农机监理行政执法迅猛发展，学术研究也非常活跃，形成了一个体系较为完整的应用学科。作为农民出身的我，从小养成了不怕吃苦的精神。参加工作40多年来，坚持调查研究，结合实际工作，写出和发表了400多篇农机化文稿，其中农机监理方面的文稿约200多篇。有关农机监理行政执法方面的文稿100多篇，约60万字。以专稿方式，与《中国农机监理》合作，刊出了大量的富有建设性的对农机监理学科发展等产生深远影响力的论文。如《农机监理九问》（见《中国农机监理》杂志2006年第6—8期）等，大大提升了刊物的声望和权威性、可读性，以及对农机监理工作的指导性。使我们认识到农机监理是谁？农机监理赖以存在的运行机制是什么？其发展方向是什么？如何解决所面对的问题和困难？使我们在一些带有方向性、战略性问题上形成共识，从而找到化解矛盾的钥匙。在各方支持下，我于2001年出版了《农机行政执法读本》（中国农业科技出版社），作为全国农机监理人员培训教材使用；2002——2005年开办《农机行政执法讲座》；2008——2010年开办《农机安全心理学讲座》。对农机监理行政执法理论的研究成果散见于全国10余家农机报刊，受到一些业内专家、学者和实践工作者的好评。

依法治机，需要一支高素质的农机监理执法队伍。农业农村部《农业行政执法证件管理办法》对农业行政执法人员管理规范化、专职化提出了具体要求。农机监理行政执法是农业行政执法的重要组成部分。根据有关规定，农机监理行政执法人员每年都要组织一次培训，受培训时间不得少于40学时，并把培训考试成绩作为执法证件是否通过审验的条件之一。

加强农机监理行政执法，是近些年来农机化迅猛发展提出的新要求，是落实科学发展观、实现“四化同步”发展和依法治国的客观要求，是农机化安全发展的保障。由于种种原因，加之农机监理正式成为行政执法主体的时间不长，还比较“年轻”，农机监理理论研究和储备严重不足，农机监理法制工作一直是个薄弱环节。农机监理行政执法队伍的素质有待提高，加之，农机监理行政执法有极强的专业性、技术性、社会性和法制性，所以无论从农机监理法制建设、农机监理法律普及、执法体系建设，还是农机监理执法人员的培训、提高，无疑是当前和今后一个较长时期农机化法制建设的一项任重道远而又非常紧迫的工作。

笔者编写这本《农机监理行政执法讲座》专著，就是出于这种考虑。在撰修过程中，力图把行政法原理与农机监理法律、法规紧密结合起来，借鉴吸收农业行政执法的实践，用行政法学理论指导农机监理执法实践，是笔者几十年农机监理行政执法研究的“回头望”和集大成者。全讲座共分9章，第一篇是法律基础，是学习和掌握农机监理行政执法的必要基础；第二篇是农机监理行政法，是学习全讲座的一把钥匙；第三篇是农机监理行政执法，是本讲座的核心；第四篇是农机监理行政指导与行政合同，是全新的领域，过去很少听说，需要认真掌握；第五篇是监理业务；第六篇是农机事故处理及相关研究；第七篇是农机监理行政法律文书，主要介绍相关法律文书的写作，有很强的实用性；第八篇是农机监理行政救济，这是行政执法中无法回避的问题。一方面要不断提高农机监理行政执法水平，防止出现执法者违法行为，给管理相对人造成损失。另一方面，一旦这种损失出现，且是由于农机监理执法中的违法行为造成的，行政管理相对人就有权得到农机行政救济——行政赔偿；第九篇是农机监理行政执法监督，就是对执法机构及其工作人员的法律监督。全讲座预计为37讲，25万字左右。

由于笔者水平所限，加之农机监理行政执法目前还没有系统成套的理论读物，其架构、理论体系、研究方法等目前都没有可资借鉴的东西，这次也可以说是“摸着石头过河”，探索大于经验，是挑战性的尝试。其疏漏和错误之处在所难免，敬请各位同仁不吝赐教，以便完善提高。在此先于致谢。

Agricultural machinery supervision and administrative law enforcement

lecture Written words (order)

The rule of law involves a wide range of areas. As far as agriculture and rural work are concerned, governing agriculture by law is an important part of governing agriculture, developing agriculture according to law and building modern agriculture. To govern the system according to law, first require agricultural mechanization and functional agencies —— agricultural machinery management, supervision, promotion, quality supervision and other staff and administrative law enforcement personnel to administer according to law; second, to have sound special laws, regulations, rules and normative documents; third, to popularize the knowledge of laws and regulations to the majority of agricultural machinery practitioners. As for agricultural machinery supervision, it is necessary to continuouslypopularize agricultural machinery safety laws and regulations to the majority of agricultural machinery management and use of employees, so that they can act according to law, law-abiding management and safe development.

Agricultural machinery supervision is the main force of governing the machine according to law. Agricultural machinery supervision is the national quasi-public administrative organ with the functions of administrative law enforcement. Its operation mechanism is to realize the development of agricultural machinery safety and promote agricultural modernization by implementing national and local laws, regulations and regulations on agricultural machinery safety. Therefore, agricultural machinery supervision is the safety production supervision and management organization in the field of agriculture, assuming the special responsibility of agricultural machinery safety supervision and management, is an important part of agricultural administrative law enforcement. Its work object is engaged inural machinery production and operator, due to a variety of reasons, this kind of supervision and management work is often a large number of complex, we need us to work hard for it, constantly improve, in order to achieve the goal.

It is based on the requirements of this era that the administrative legislation of agricultural machinery supervision and the administrative law enforcement of agricultural machinery supervision have developed rapidly in recent years, and the academic research is also very active, forming a relatively complete applied discipline.Who is the agricultural machinery supervision? What is the operation mechanism that agricultural machinery supervision depends on? What is the development direction? How to solve the problems and difficulties faced by them? We will form a consensus on some directional and strategic issues, so as to find the key to resolving conflicts. With the support of all parties, I published Agricultural Machinery Administrative Law Enforcement Reader (China Agricultural Science and Technology Press) in 2001 as training materials for national agricultural machinery supervisors in 2002 —— 2005; Lecture on Agricultural Machinery Safety Psychology in 2008 —— 2010. The research results of the administrative law enforcement theory of agricultural machinery supervision have been scattered in more than 10 agricultural machinery newspapers andperiodicals, and have been well received by some experts, scholars and practitioners in the industry.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs "Measures for the Management of Agricultural Administrative Law Enforcement Documents" puts forward specific requirements for the standardization and full-time management of agricultural administrative law enforcement personnel. Agricultural machinery supervision and administrative law enforcement is an important part of agricultural administrative law enforcement. According to the relevant provisions, agricultural machinery supervision administrative law enforcement personnel should organize a training every year, the training time shall not be less than 40 credit hours, and the training examination results as one of the conditions of whether the law enforcement certificate through the examination.

requirement put forward by the rapid development of agricultural mechanization in recent years, the objective requirement of implementing the scientific concept of development, realizing the synchronous development of "four modernizations" and governing the country by law, and the guarantee of the safe development of agricultural mechanization. Due to various reasons, coupled with the agricultural machinery supervision has officially become the main body of administrative law enforcement time is not long, still relatively "young", agricultural machinery supervision theory research and reserve is seriously insufficient, the legal work of agricultural machinery supervision has been a weak link. Agricultural machinery supervision of administrative law enforcement team quality to improve, in addition, agricultural machinery sion of administrative law enforcement has strong professional, technical, social and legal, so no matter from agricultural machinery supervision, agricultural machinery supervision law popularization, law enforcement system construction, or agricultural machinery supervision of law enforcement personnel training, improve, is the current and future a long period of agricultural mechanization legal system construction of a long way and very urgent work.

divided into 9 chapters, The first part is the legal basis, It is the necessary basis for learning and mastering the administrative law enforcement of agricultural machinery supervision; The second part is the administrative Law on agricultural machinery supervision, Is a key to learning the whole lecture; The third part is the agricultural machinery supervision and administrative law enforcement, Is the core of this lecture; The fourth part is the agricultural machinery supervision administrative guidance and administrative contract, Is a whole new field, Little heard of in the past, Need to master carefully; The fifth part is the supervision business; The sixth part is the agricultural machinery accident handling and related research; The seventh part is the agricultural machinery supervision administrative legal documents, Mainly introduces the writing of relevant legal documents, Has a very strong practicality; The eighth part is the agricultural machinery supervision administrative relief, This is an unavoidable problem in administrative law enforcement. On the one hand, we should constantly improve the level of administrative law enforcement of agricultural machinery supervision to prevent the illegal behavior of law enforcers and cause losses to the management counterpart. On the other hand, once this loss occurs, and is caused by the illegal behavior in agricultural machinery supervision law enforcement, the administrative counterpart has the right to get agricultural machinery administrative relief —— administrative compensation; the ninth is the agricultural machinery supervision administrative lawenforcement supervision, is the legal supervision of law enforcement agencies and their staff. The full lecture is expected to be 37 lectures, about 250,000 words.

Due to the limitation of the author's level, coupled with the supervision of agricultural machinery administrative law enforcement has not been a complete set of theoretical reading, its structure, theoretical system, research methods and other things can not be used for reference, this time can also be said to be "crossing the river by feeling the stones", exploration is greater than experience, is a challenging attempt. Its omissions and mistakes are inevitable, please give advice, in order to improve. Than thanks here.